[319] In January 1930, the Politburo approved the liquidation of the kulak class; accused kulaks were rounded up and exiled to other parts of the country or to concentration camps. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin[g] (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili;[d] 18 December[O.S. [893] During Stalin's lifetime, his approved biographies were largely hagiographic in content. [163] This reflected his senior standing in the party at the time.[164]. [611] Stalin ordered several assassination attempts on Tito's life and contemplated invading Yugoslavia. Why would we let them have guns?" Joseph Stalin 18 likes Like [795] Stalin also enjoyed watching films late at night at cinemas installed in the Kremlin and his dachas. [712] This concept synthesised Marxist and Leninist ideas with nationalist ideals,[694] and served to discredit Trotskywho promoted the idea of "permanent revolution"by presenting the latter as a defeatist with little faith in Russian workers' abilities to construct socialism. [744] He was a lifelong smoker, who smoked both a pipe and cigarettes. [77] Stalin formed a Bolshevik Battle Squad which he used to try to keep Baku's warring ethnic factions apart; he also used the unrest as a cover for stealing printing equipment. [470] One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed. [684] According to scholar Robert Service, Stalin's "few innovations in ideology were crude, dubious developments of Marxism". [892], A vast literature devoted to Stalin has been produced. [610] The 1947 Hungarian elections were also rigged, with the Hungarian Working People's Party taking control. This purge left his military in bad shape when war came, stripped of many of its most capable officers, but just another day for "The Man of Steel." [336] In November 1929 Stalin removed him from the Politburo. Joseph Stalin epitomised the 'New Prince', who Machiavelli described, somehow unifying love and fear whilst simultaneously pursuing his ambitious political plan for Russia. Leon Trotsky (1879-1940), was the co-leader of the 1917 Russian Revolution, socialist opponent of Joseph Stalin, founder of the Fourth International, and strategist of world socialist revolution . [456] Germany began negotiations with the Soviets, proposing that Eastern Europe be divided between the two powers. [44], In October 1899, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at the Tiflis observatory. [647] In October 1952, Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum. [689] He also believed that this proletarian state would need to introduce repressive measures against foreign and domestic "enemies" to ensure the full crushing of the propertied classes,[690] and thus the class war would intensify with the advance of socialism. Joseph Stalin's death in March 1953 ended his long and brutal reign as leader of the Soviet Union. To eradicate accused "enemies of the working class", Stalin instituted the Great Purge, in which over a million were imprisoned, largely in the Gulag system of forced labour camps, and at least 700,000 executed between 1934 and 1939. [355] Conservative social policies were promoted to enhance social discipline and boost population growth; this included a focus on strong family units and motherhood, re-criminalisation of homosexuality, restrictions placed on abortion and divorce, and abolition of the Zhenotdel women's department. [583] Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946, it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement, including the state's decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine-hit areas. [581], In the post-war period there were often food shortages in Soviet cities,[582] and the USSR experienced a major famine from 1946 to 1947. [666] A memorial service in his honour was also held at St George the Martyr, Holborn in London. He was faced with the problem that there were few Marxists left in Eastern Europe, with most having been killed by the Nazis. [891] Khlevniuk noted that at various points, particularly when Stalin was old and frail, there were "periodic manifestations" in which the party oligarchy threatened his autocratic control. [742] By 1907, he grew his hair long and often wore a beard; for clothing, he often wore a traditional Georgian chokha or a red satin shirt with a grey coat and black fedora. [446] As it wound down, Stalin sought to deflect responsibility from himself,[447] blaming its "excesses" and "violations of law" on Yezhov. He was a true believer". Stalin's choices of policies (NEP and socialism in one country) During the beginning of the struggle for power after Lenin died Stalin formed an alliance with Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1923, this was purely to keep Trotsky out of power. [405] At the Communist International's 7th Congress, held in JulyAugust 1935, the Soviet government encouraged Marxist-Leninists to unite with other leftists as part of a popular front against fascism. [219], The Bolsheviks won the Russian civil war by the end of 1919. [576] He grew increasingly concerned that senior political and military figures might try to oust him; he prevented any of them from becoming powerful enough to rival him and had their apartments bugged with listening devices. [717] According to Khlevniuk, Stalin reconciled Marxism with great-power imperialism and therefore expansion of the empire makes him a worthy to the Russian tsars. Check out our stalin leader selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and. Joseph Stalin (trade unionist) Joseph Stalin is a Sri Lankan trade unionist, as of 2022 serving as general secretary of the Ceylon Teachers' Union. It repels the effects of negativity, prevents abuse of power and of justice, is contagious and promotes self-accountability. [663] At the funeral on 9 March, Stalins body was laid to rest in Lenin's Mausoleum in Red Square; hundreds of thousands attended. Lenin was seen as the figure head of the Communist Party, Stalin used this to his advantage in winning over the Russia population. [259] Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one. [795] He was instead an emotionally intelligent and feeling intellectual. [333] Stalin responded to the uprisings with an article insisting that collectivisation was voluntary and blaming any violence and other excesses on local officials. [318] Bukharin and several other Central Committee members were angry that they had not been consulted about this measure, which they deemed rash. [859] There are unproven rumours that from 1934 onward he had a relationship with his housekeeper Valentina Istomina. [380] The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. [646] [146] In August, he arrived in the village of Monastyrskoe, although after four weeks was relocated to the hamlet of Kostino. [172] In the early hours of 25 October, Stalin joined Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute, from where the Bolshevik coup the October Revolution was directed. [625] Both Stalin and Mao believed that a swift victory would ensue. [444] Yezhov was arrested in April 1939 and executed in 1940. [43] Stalin left the seminary in April 1899 and never returned. [3] [4] [5] Contents 1 Early life 2 CTU General Secretary 2.1 2022 Sri Lankan protests 3 References Early life [ edit] [840] According to Service, Stalin "regarded women as a resource for sexual gratification and domestic comfort. [345] To promote intensification of labour, a series of medals and awards as well as the Stakhanovite movement were introduced. Together, the trio laid down the foundation for the Soviet Union. [407], When the Spanish Civil War broke out in July 1936, the Soviets sent 648 aircraft and 407 tanks to the left-wing Republican faction; these were accompanied by 3,000 Soviet troops and 42,000 members of the International Brigades set up by the Communist International. Despite calls of "some Russians" to "beatify" Stalin, the Russian Orthodox Church has stood its ground in refusing to do so. [432] His personal writings from the period were according to Khlevniuk "unusually convoluted and incoherent", filled with claims about enemies encircling him. [890] Kotkin observed that Stalin's ability to remain in power relied on him having a majority in the Politburo at all times. [346] His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "new Soviet person". [814] When at social events, he encouraged singing,[815] as well as alcohol consumption; he hoped that others would drunkenly reveal their secrets to him. 227 in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in "penal battalions" used as cannon fodder on the front lines. [904] In addition, while archival data shows that 1,053,829 perished in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953,[905] the current historical consensus is that of the 18million people who passed through the Gulag system from 1930 to 1953, between 1.5 and 1.7million died as a result of their incarceration. [668] The Central Committee met on the day of his death, after which Malenkov, Beria, and Khrushchev emerged as the party's dominant figures. He undermined them by: Establishing a new ideological orthodoxy and branding opponents enemies of Leninism. [711] Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. In 1929, his son Yakov unsuccessfully attempted suicide; his failure earned Stalin's contempt. [180] Stalin backed Lenin's decision not to form a coalition with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party, although they did form a coalition government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. [256] Lenin twice asked Stalin to procure poison so that he could commit suicide, but Stalin never did so. But whether that's the case will likely forever remain a matter of speculation, Brent and Naumov concluded in Stalin's Last Crime: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948-1953 . [836] According to Boris Bazhanov, Stalin's one-time secretary, "Women didn't interest him. [194] In November 1917, he signed the Decree on Nationality, according ethnic and national minorities living in Russia the right of secession and self-determination. [780] Despite his tough-talking attitude, he could be very charming;[781] when relaxed, he cracked jokes and mimicked others. [420], Stalin orchestrated the arrest of many former opponents in the Communist Party as well as sitting members of the Central Committee: denounced as Western-backed mercenaries, many were imprisoned or exiled internally. [229] On 16 July, the Central Committee decided to take the war into Polish territory. [723] He remained proud of his Georgian identity,[724] and throughout his life retained a heavy Georgian accent when speaking Russian. And what is so awful in his having fun with a woman, after such horrors? [556] Within the Soviet Union he was widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. [381] In 1936, Nikolai Yezhov became head of the NKVD. [606] In September 1947, a meeting of East European communist leaders was held in Szklarska Porba, Poland, from which was formed Cominform to co-ordinate the Communist Parties across Eastern Europe and also in France and Italy. [585] While agricultural production stagnated, Stalin focused on a series of major infrastructure projects, including the construction of hydroelectric plants, canals, and railway lines running to the polar north. [533] In 1944, the German armies were pushed out of the Baltic states (with the exception of the Ostland), which were then re-annexed into the Soviet Union. [95] After returning to Tiflis, Stalin organised the robbing of a large delivery of money to the Imperial Bank in June 1907. Theories proposed Stalin's involvement with Vladimir's death, in which Stalin later admitted to via letter. 00447, listing 268,950 people for arrest, of whom 75,950 were executed. Stalin's original Georgian name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (, While forced to give up control of the Secretariat almost immediately after succeeding Stalin as the body's. . [271] During the 13th Party Congress in May 1924, "Lenin's Testament" was read only to the leaders of the provincial delegations. [727] Service also noted that Stalin "would never be Russian", could not credibly pass as one, and never tried to pretend that he was. [273], As General Secretary, Stalin had a free hand in making appointments to his own staff, implanting his loyalists throughout the party and administration. February 9, 1946. During these years, the country experienced another major famine and an antisemitic campaign that culminated in the doctors' plot. Joseph Stalin was the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. "[845] They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. [48] By this point, the empire's secret police, the Okhrana, were aware of Stalin's activities in Tiflis' revolutionary milieu. Best known for: Fighting the Germans in WW2 and starting the Cold War. [881] Montefiore argued that while Stalin initially ruled as part of a Communist Party oligarchy, the Soviet government transformed from this oligarchy into a personal dictatorship in 1934,[882] with Stalin only becoming "absolute dictator" between March and June 1937, when senior military and NKVD figures were eliminated. [872] Under his rule, the average Soviet life expectancy grew due to improved living conditions, nutrition and medical care[873] as mortality rates also declined. [922] In recent years, the government and general public of Russia has been accused of rehabilitating Stalin. [787] He was capable of self-righteous indignation,[788] and was resentful,[789] and vindictive,[790] holding on to grudges for many years. [198] Stalin supported Lenin's desire to sign an armistice with the Central Powers regardless of the cost in territory. 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