In July, Algerian League for the Defense of Human Rights (LADDH) and 15 representatives from other NGOs gathered at a hotel in Oran to discuss migration. From March 18 until April 8, the ministrys Labor Inspector Service conducted inspections into child labor of 9,748 businessdown from 11,575 businesses the previous year. by | May 25, 2022 | camden county ga school schedule | cindy deangelis grossman pictures | May 25, 2022 | [2] Masson, Jean-Louis. Police arrested protesters throughout the year for violating the law against unregistered public gatherings. The government maintained undue media influence and opposition political parties claimed they did not have access to public television and radio. Many Algerians legally entered Tunisia without visas claiming to be tourists and then stayed as workers. They also report that owners of public gathering spaces have been told not to rent their locations to certain NGOs. The law prohibits pretrial detention for crimes with maximum punishments of less than three years imprisonment, except for infractions that resulted in deaths or to persons considered a threat to public order. In these cases, the law limits pretrial detention to one month. Subsequent reforms to the national electoral law introduced open list voting to curb corruption. The lower fertility rate was mainly the result of women's rising age at first marriage (virtually all Algerian children being born in wedlock) and to a lesser extent the wider use of contraceptives. It can be divided on the basis of language or sometimes other cultural characteristics also play a [8] Webster's Geographical Dictionary. ), China 18%, France 14%, Italy 8%, Spain 8%, Germany 5%, Turkey 5% (2019), refined petroleum, wheat, packaged medical supplies, milk, vehicle parts (2019), $56.211 billion (31 December 2021 est. Many trade unions remained unrecognized by the government; they identified delayed processing and administrative hurdles imposed by the government as the primary obstacles to establishing legal status. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. The law additionally prohibits local periodicals from receiving direct or indirect material support from foreign sources. The law does not extend antidiscrimination protections to LGBTI persons based on of sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, or sex characteristics. Algeria is divided into 48 wilayat (provinces; sing. The first two digits are the same as the two-digit ISO Alger: Algeri (Italian); Algiers (English); Algier (Danish, German); al-Jazair, al-Djazair, El Djazar (Arabic); Many schools lacked teachers trained to work with children with disabilities, threatening the viability of efforts to mainstream children with disabilities into public schools. On 2014-10-29, ISO 3166-2 made the same spelling change. Defendants may confront or question witnesses against them and present witnesses and evidence on their behalf. The new agriculture: 13.3% (2017 est. The standard workweek was 40 hours, including one hour for lunch per day. Internet users regularly exercised their right to free expression and association online, including through online forums, social media, and email. The list of essential services included banking, radio, and television. ), 12.7% (2021 est. In September the Ministry of Communication stated there were 268 accredited written publications. Arbitrary Deprivation of Life and other Unlawful or Politically Motivated Killings, c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, f. Arbitrary or Unlawful Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence. The CNDH has budget autonomy and the constitutional responsibility to investigate alleged human rights abuses, officially comment on laws proposed by the government, and publish an annual report. ), production: 0 metric tons (2020 est. John Paxton, ed. These observers, among others, pointed to the law as a significant source of arbitrary arrests intended to suppress political activism. )consumption: 85,000 metric tons (2020 est. The Ministry of Justice said the agency was subject to all existing judicial controls that apply to law enforcement agencies. The judiciary was not always independent or impartial in civil matters and lacked independence in some human rights cases. The United States recognized Algeria on July 3, 1962, when President John Kennedy issued a congratulatory message to the Algerian people upon their independence from France. Algeria had opted for independence in a referendum on July 1, 1962 , and France recognized Algeria as an independent state on July 3, 1962. Consular Presence into arrondissements, communes, and districts (civilian commisariats). Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 30% of GDP, 60% of budget revenues, and nearly 95% of export earnings. Community members said that obtaining legal assistance was also a challenge due to similar discrimination. The DGAPR separates vulnerable persons but provides no consideration for sexual orientation. Deputy Secretaries of State; Deputy Secretary of State; Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy; Office of the U.S. See the Department of StatesAnnual Report on International Parental Child Abductionathttps://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data.html. (I use "commune" to translate the French "commune," and "municipality" to Their names were Alger (English: Algiers), 1831-12-01: By ordinance, Algeria was divided into civil and military territory. According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the government repatriated 35,113 Nigeriens (including 16,478 women and children) from December to August, pursuant to a bilateral agreement at the request of the Nigerien government. There were five or six subdivisions. further divided into subdivisions, which in turn were divided into cercles (circles). )$38.551 billion (2019 est. A 2016 constitutional revision requires the president to consult with the parliamentary majority before appointing the prime minister. The UN LOCODE page for Algeria lists locations in the country, some of them with their latitudes and longitudes, some with their ISO 3166-2 codes for their subdivisions. military territories as the arrondissements were to the civil territories, and the cercles were on a par with According to a 2018 report by the IOM, Algeria has expelled 35,600 Nigeriens to Niger since 2014more than 12,000 in 2018as well as more than 8,000 migrants from other African countries. By law, children born to a Muslim father are Muslim, regardless of the mothers religion. Local authorities refused the follow on request for another event. Freedom of Expression: While public debate and criticism of the government were widespread, journalists and activists believed they were limited in their ability to criticize the government publicly on topics crossing unwritten red lines. Authorities arrested and detained citizens for expressing views deemed damaging to state officials and institutions, and citizens practiced self-restraint in expressing public criticism. Prosecutors may apply to a judge to extend the period before arrested individuals can have access to an attorney. After making a determination, the ministry notifies the customs service of the decision to allow or ban the importation of the publication. Since then, it has re-organized twice. 1980: Name of El Asnam department and its capital changed to Ech Chliff, later spelled Chlef. Some organizations maintained a list of LGBTI-friendly hospitals, and several NGOs operated mobile clinics specifically for vulnerable communities. Section II. The constitution provides for the protection of a persons honor and private life, including the privacy of home, communication, and correspondence. )crude oil and lease condensate exports: 633,500 bbl/day (2018 est. wilaya). Press reported 107 protestors were injured along with 51 police and gendarmes. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 3.5% (2021 est. Corruption throughout the government stemmed largely from a lack of transparent oversight. If authorities need more than 48 hours to gather additional evidence, they may extend a suspects authorized time in police detention with the prosecutors authorization in the following cases: if charges pertain to an attack on data processing systems, they may extend the time in detention once; if charges relate to state security, they may do so twice; for charges concerning drug trafficking, organized and transnational crime, money laundering, and other currency-related crimes, they may do so three times; and for charges related to terrorism and other subversive activities, they may do so five times for a maximum of 12 days. Most trials are public, except when the judge determines the proceedings to be a threat to public order or morals. The penal code guarantees defendants the right to free interpretation as necessary. The law criminalizes public indecency and consensual same-sex sexual relations between adult men or women, with penalties that include imprisonment of six months to three years and a fine of DZD 1,000 to DZD 10,000 ($8.50 to $85). Although the government did not renew the accreditation of LADDH, the organization had members countrywide, received independent funding, and was one of the most active independent human rights groups. ), air pollution in major cities; soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum refining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the pollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in particular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water, party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban, particulate matter emissions: 35.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est. The law requires parties to ensure that at least 30 percent of the candidates on their electoral lists are women. Human rights activists and attorneys, however, asserted that some detainees were held without access to lawyers. The International Trade Union Confederation reported that judicial persecution of trade union leaders had intensified. The government said that it closed 11 facilities and opened one new facility to improve prison conditions in the last year but argued that they have alleviated overcrowding by increasing the use of minimum-security centers that permit prisoners to work and by using electronic monitoring. The Ministry of Labor audited 218 organizations and found that 89 companies did not respect the 1-percent quota. If mediation does not lead to an agreement, workers may strike legally after they vote by secret ballot to do so. The government monitored certain email and social media sites. Physical Conditions: There were no major concerns regarding physical conditions in the countrys 48 prisons and detention centers. Thousands of Algerian peasants - mainly Berber men from the Kabylia region - faced with land dispossession and economic hardship under French rule migrated temporarily to France to work in manufacturing and mining during the first half of the 20th century. )crude oil and lease condensate imports: 4,100 bbl/day (2018 est. Corruption remained a problem, and officials sometimes engaged in corrupt practices with impunity. Many place names were changed. Of the daily printed publications, the ministry stated six were state-operated. The laws extensive requirements and uneven enforcement served as major impediments to the development of civil society. If the application is approved, the ministry issues a final accreditation document. Local elections took place in November 2021. Sexual Exploitation of Children: The law prohibits solicitation for prostitution and stipulates prison sentences of between 10 and 20 years when the offense is committed against a minor under age 18. The 130,000-member National Gendarmerie, which performs police functions outside of urban areas under the auspices of the Ministry of National Defense, and the approximately 218,000-member DGSN or national police, organized under the Ministry of Interior, share responsibility for maintaining law and order. ), total dependency ratio: 58.5youth dependency ratio: 48.7elderly dependency ratio: 9.8potential support ratio: 10.2 (2021 est. Judges rarely refused requests to extend pretrial detention, which by law may be appealed. Aumale (department no. Authorities utilized the ban to prohibit assembly within the city limits. ), municipal: 3.6 billion cubic meters (2017 est. There were no reports that the government or its agents committed arbitrary or unlawful killings. islands in the harbor (now connected to the mainland by jetties). The constitution provides for the right to a fair trial, but authorities did not always respect legal provisions that protect defendants rights. The Ministry of Interior did not provide domestic or foreign observers with voter registration lists. There was a census on )imports: 531 million kWh (2019 est. The law provides for collective bargaining by all unions, and the government permitted the exercise of this right for authorized unions. Algeria is the United States' 3rd-largest market in the Middle East/North African region. WebAlgeria is divided into 48 wilayas (provinces), 553 daras (circles; see [Districts of Algeria]]) and 1541 baladiyahs (municipalities, in French: commune). The minimum legal age for employment is 16, but younger children may work as apprentices with permission from their parents or legal guardian. Jeune Afriqueonline remained available. ), Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km), Lullemeden-Irhazer Aquifer System, Murzuk-Djado Basin, North Western Sahara Aquifer, Taoudeni-Tanezrouft Basin, the vast majority of the populace is found in the extreme northern part of the country along the Mediterranean Coast as shown in this population distribution map, mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season; droughts, largest country in Africa but 80% desert; canyons and caves in the southern Hoggar Mountains and in the barren Tassili n'Ajjer area in the southeast of the country contain numerous examples of prehistoric art - rock paintings and carvings depicting human activities and wild and domestic animals (elephants, giraffes, cattle) - that date to the African Humid Period, roughly 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, when the region was completely vegetated, Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%note: although almost all Algerians are Berber in origin (not Arab), only a minority identify themselves as primarily Berber, about 15% of the total population; these people live mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers and several other communities; the Berbers are also Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has officially recognized Berber languages and introduced them into public schools. names. There were reports that authorities held some detainees without access to their lawyers and reportedly abused them physically and mentally. While this legal mechanism exists, the high demand for employment in the country gave an advantage to employers seeking to exploit employees. The law mandates that online news outlets must inform the government of their activities but does not require them to request authorization to operate. Exploiters of child labor used methods allegedly learned via the internet to increase their mistreatment of children. There were no known reports of workers dismissed for removing themselves from hazardous working conditions. )proven reserves: 59 million metric tons (2019 est. Foreign observers from the African Union, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and Arab League characterized the elections as largely well organized and conducted without significant problems on election day. The confederation also included migrants working in the country. The 89 organizations were given formal notices to abide by the law. The Tellian and Saharan Atlas Mountain ranges cross the country from east to west, dividing it into three zones. tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List Algeria does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so; the government made key achievements during the reporting period, therefore Algeria was upgraded to Tier 2 Watch List; authorities identified more trafficking victims, increased investigations and prosecutions, while continuing to convict traffickers; Algeria partnered with international organizations to train officials and conduct public awareness campaigns; however, government identification of and services for victims remained insufficient; authorities continued to punish some potential victims for unlawful acts traffickers compelled them to commit (2022)trafficking profile: human traffickers exploit domestic and foreign victims; Algerian women and girls are vulnerable to sex trafficking due to financial problems or after running away from home; undocumented sub-Saharan migrants are vulnerable to labor and sex trafficking and are exploited in restaurants, houses, and informal worksites; sub-Saharan men and women needing more funds for their onward journey to Europe work illegally in construction and commercial sex and are vulnerable to sex trafficking and debt bondage; foreign women and girls, mainly from sub-Saharan Africa, are subject to sex trafficking in bars and informal brothels; criminal begging rings that exploit sub-Saharan African migrant children are common and reportedly increasing (2022), total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Refugees and internally displaced persons, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). 2018 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Algeria, An official website of the United States Government. At the end of the period of detention, the detainee has the right to request a medical examination by a physician of choice within the jurisdiction of the court. wilaya). The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and the Status of Women provided some financial support to health-care-oriented NGOs, but for many NGOs, such financial support represented a small fraction of their budgets. Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco and Tunisia, total: 2,381,740 sq kmland: 2,381,740 sq kmwater: 0 sq km, slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas, total: 6,734 kmborder countries (6): Libya 989 km; Mali 1,359 km; Mauritania 460 km; Morocco 1,941 km; Niger 951 km; Tunisia 1,034 km, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive fishing zone: 32-52 nm, arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer, mostly high plateau and desert; Atlas Mountains in the far north and Hoggar Mountains in the south; narrow, discontinuous coastal plain, highest point: Tahat 2,908 mlowest point: Chott Melrhir -40 mmean elevation: 800 m, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc, agricultural land: 17.4% (2018 est. A coalition of Islamic and secular opposition parties boycotted the election, describing it as a masquerade and asserting that President Bouteflika was unfit to run due to his health. The government provided a subsidy for divorced women whose former husbands failed to make child support payments. The law stipulates a prison sentence of between 10 and 20 years for rape when the victim is a minor. In 2017 the ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations reiterated that the lengthy registration process seriously impedes the establishment of new unions. The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and Women reported that it ran 238 centers throughout the country that provided support for persons with intellectual, auditory, vision, and physical disabilitiesdown from 242 the previous year. 1900: According to Jean-Jacques Sudre, in 1900, mentioning only "clearly definable entities", Algeria was divided ), electrification - total population: 99.4% (2019)electrification - urban areas: 99.6% (2019)electrification - rural areas: 97% (2019), installed generating capacity: 21.694 million kW (2020 est. It was unclear whether authorities followed the law in all cases since local authorities had significant discretion and the government did not maintain nationwide statistics. )municipal solid waste recycled annually: 990,299 tons (2013 est. Generally speaking, the civil The country joined the Human Rights Council in 2014 but continued to deny requests for visits from the UN special rapporteurs on extrajudicial executions (pending since 1998) and counterterrorism and human rights (pending since 2006), the UN Working Group on arbitrary detention (pending since 2009), and the UN Security Council Mali Panel of Experts on Sanctions (since 2016). Men held a large percentage of positions of authority in government and the private sector. Local and international NGOs asserted that police impunity was a problem. In September 2017 Algerian National Front party leader Moussa Touati stated that his party paid bribes in order to secure its single seat in parliament. The law prohibits Muslim women from marrying non-Muslims, although authorities did not always enforce this provision. Membership in the Islamic Salvation Front, a political party banned since 1992, remained illegal. 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